Direct and Indirect Speech

     Direct Speech is sentence words that are spoken directly by the speaker.

     Indirect Speech (Indirect Sentence) is a sentence that is spoken to report the speaker's words to others.  So, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) is used when we want to report someone's words to others indirectly.

     Direct & Indirect Speech consists of 3 types, namely:

 I. Statement

 II.  Command

 III.  Question

 Changes that need to be from Direct to Indirect Speech:

 1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs

 Direct Indirect

 Am / is / are - was / were

 Shall / will - should / would

 Can - could

 May - might

 Must

 Have / has to - had to

 Ought to

 2. Time & Place (description of time & place)

 Direct Indirect

 now - then

 tomorrow - the following day

 next week - the following week

 tonight - that night

 today - that day

 yesterday - the day before

 last night - the night before

 last week - the week before,

 the precious week

 here - there

 this - that

 these - those

 3. Tenses

 Direct Indirect

 Simple present - simple past

 Simple past

 - past perfect

 Present perfect

 Present continous - past continous

 Present perfect continous - past perfect continous

 Simple future - past future

 I. STATEMENT

 In the Indirect Statement we use the word that (as) as a link between the introductory sentence (introduce phrase) and the words that are reported (reported words).

 If the introductory sentence is in the form of a Simple Present Tense, the sentence reported does not change.

 II.  COMMAND

 Command is divided into 2 (two) parts, namely:

 1. Positive Command

 In a positive command we add to in front of the command sentence, as a link between the introductory sentence and the command being reported.

 2. Negative Command

 In the negative command we add not to in front of the reported command.

 III.  QUESTION

 When direct questions use question words such as;  Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, etc., then these words are used as a link in reported Speech.  Reported questions turn out to be positive.

 If direct questions do not use question words, and only questions in the form of "Yes & No Question", then we use the words if, whether (if, whether) as a link between the introductory sentence and the question being reported.

 IV.  REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Combined Type)

 When questions and statements are combined in Reported Speech, we use the word as (because) as a link in the statement sentences section.  In this case the sentence statement is reported later.

 If the direct question is accompanied by the answer Yes and No, then we use the word but as a link for the answer No and the word and as a link for Yes's answer.